Numbers and Counting

Vocabulary

(いち)いちone
()two
(さん)さんthree
(よん)し・よんfour
()five
(ろく)ろくsix
(なな)しち・ななseven
(はち)はちeight
(きゅう)きゅう・くnine
(じゅう)じゅうten
りんごapple
ペンpen
(かみ)かみpaper
(びん)びんbottle
(かさ)かさumbrella
(ねこ)ねこcat
(いぬ)いぬdog
(ほん)ほんbook
カップcup
(ひと)にん/りperson
(かい)かいtime, occasion
(つき)つき/がつmonth
(かい)かいfloor/story (of a building)

Introduction

Counting in Japanese is one of the most important and yet challenging aspects of the language. The key difference from English is that Japanese requires you to use different counter words (or classifiers) depending on what you’re counting. The shape, size, and type of object all matter when choosing the right counter.

For example, you wouldn’t say “three cats” the same way you’d say “three books.” Each requires its own counter suffix. This might seem overwhelming at first, but the logic becomes clearer with practice.


Basic Numbers (0-10)

Number Kanji Reading
0 0・(れい) ゼロ・レイ
1 (いち) いち
2 ()
3 (さん) さん
4 (よん) し・よん
5 ()
6 (ろく) ろく
7 (なな) しち・なな
8 (はち) はち
9 (きゅう) きゅう・く
10 (じゅう) じゅう

Note: Numbers 4 and 7 have two readings. し/しち and よん/なな. In modern Japanese, よん and なな are preferred, especially when counting.


Common Counters

つ (General Objects / Things)

Used for abstract items, small objects, or when you don’t know the specific counter. This uses the native Japanese counting system and works up to 9.

For counting: ひとつ, ふたつ, みっつ, よっつ, いつつ, むっつ, ななつ, やっつ, ここのつ, とう

りんごを(みっ)つください。Please give me three apples.
(わたし)(ねこ)(ふた)()っている。I have two cats. (awkward phrasing)
どれくらい()しい? Three things, please.

Note: While つ is versatile, native speakers prefer specific counters when available.

(ひと) (People)

Reading irregularities:

  • (いち)(にん) = ひとり (not いちにん)
  • ()(にん) = ふたり (not ににん)
  • Three+ = さんにん, よんにん, ごにん…
(さん)(にん)()きます。Three people will go.
ここには()(にん)います。There are five people here.
先週(せんしゅう)(じゅう)(にん)学生(がくせい)()ました。Last week, ten students came.

(まい) (Flat Objects)

Paper, shirts, plates, tickets, records, stamps—anything flat and thin.

(かみ)()(まい)ください。Please give me two sheets of paper.
シャツを(さん)(まい)()いました。I bought three shirts.
CDを(いち)(まい)()っています。I have one CD.
切符(きっぷ)(よん)(まい)()ってください。Please get four tickets.

(ほん) (Long, Thin Objects)

Pens, pencils, bottles, umbrellas, sticks, arrows, candles. Note: (ほん) changes pronunciation depending on the preceding sound (sound changes).

Reading pattern:

  • ぽん after ま、ば、ぱ rows: (さん)(ほん) = さんぼん, (ろく)(ほん) = ろっぽん
  • ほん after other sounds: (いち)(ほん) = いっぽん, ()(ほん) = にほん, (よん)(ほん) = よんほん
ペンを(いち)(ほん)()った。I bought one pen.
(かさ)(さん)(ほん)()っています。I have three umbrellas.
ビールを()(ほん)()みました。I drank two beers.
()()(ほん)()った。I shot five arrows.

(さつ) (Books and Bound Objects)

Books, notebooks, magazines, anything bound or stapled together.

(ほん)(さん)(さつ)()みました。I read three books.
雑誌(ざっし)()(さつ)()った。I bought two magazines.
ノートを()(さつ)()っています。I have five notebooks.

(ひき) (Small Animals)

Fish, insects, small mammals. Also used for creatures with legs.

(ねこ)()(ひき)()っている。I have two cats.
金魚(きんぎょ)(さん)(ひき)()いました。I bought three goldfish.
(むし)(じゅう)(ひき)います。There are ten insects.

Note: For larger animals like horses or cows, use (あたま) (あたま/とう) instead.

(はい) (Cups, Glasses, Bowls)

Drinks served in cups or bowls.

コーヒーを()(はい)()みました。I drank two cups of coffee.
ビールを一杯(いっぱい)ください。Please give me one beer (glass).
スープを(さん)(はい)()べた。I ate three bowls of soup.

(かい) (Times, Occasions)

How many times something happened or will happen.

映画(えいが)(かん)(つき)(いち)(かい)()きます。I go to the movie theater once a month.
(いち)週間(しゅうかん)(さん)(かい)運動(うんどう)します。I exercise three times a week.
試験(しけん)()(かい)()ちました。I failed the exam five times.

(たい) (Machines, Vehicles)

Cars, computers, televisions, machinery—anything mechanical with a body/frame.

(くるま)()(だい)()っています。I have two cars.
コンピュータを(さん)(だい)()った。I bought three computers.
テレビが(いち)(だい)あります。There is one television.

() (General/Round Objects)

Balls, eggs, apples, oranges, and other round or general objects. A safe fallback counter.

りんごを(よん)()ください。Please give me four apples.
(たまご)(ろく)()()いました。I bought six eggs.
みかんを(じゅう)()()べた。I ate ten mandarins.

(つき) (Months)

When expressing duration in months or as calendar months.

(さん)ヶ月(かげつ)勉強(べんきょう)しています。I've been studying for three months.
(ろく)ヶ月(かげつ)でペラペラになります。You'll become fluent in six months.
来月(らいげつ)五月(ごがつ)です。Next month is May.

Note: The counter form uses ヶ月(かげつ) (かげつ), not just (つき).

(かい) (Floors of a Building)

Which floor something is on.

(わたし)のオフィスは()(かい)です。My office is on the fifth floor.
(さん)(かい)図書館(としょかん)があります。There is a library on the third floor.

Note: For the first floor in American English sense, in Japan it’s 1(かい) (いっかい). The ground floor in British English is 1(かい), not 0(かい).

(とき) (Hours)

Telling time or duration in hours.

(あさ)(はち)()()きます。I wake up at 8 in the morning.
(さん)時間(じかん)()ちました。I waited for three hours.
映画(えいが)()時間(じかん)です。The movie is two hours long.

Special Counters Overview Table

Counter Used For Example
General objects (up to 9) りんご(みっ)つ (three apples)
(ひと) People (よん)(にん) (four people)
(まい) Flat objects (かみ)()(まい) (two sheets of paper)
(ほん) Long, thin objects ペン(いち)(ほん) (one pen)
(さつ) Books (ほん)(さん)(さつ) (three books)
(ひき) Small animals (ねこ)()(ひき) (two cats)
(はい) Cups, bowls of drinks コーヒー()(はい) (two cups of coffee)
(かい) Times, occasions (しゅう)(さん)(かい) (three times a week)
(だい) Machines, vehicles (くるま)()(だい) (two cars)
() Round/general objects りんご(よん)() (four apples)
(つき) Months (さん)ヶ月(かげつ) (three months)
(かい) Building floors ()(かい) (fifth floor)
(とき) Hours, time (はち)() (8 o’clock)

Tips for Learning Counters


Quick Reference: First 10 Numbers with Common Counters

(ひと)つ (ひとつ)one thing
(ふた)つ (ふたつ)two things
(みっ)つ (みっつ)three things
(よっ)つ (よっつ)four things
(いつ)つ (いつつ)five things
(むっ)つ (むっつ)six things
(なな)つ (ななつ)seven things
(やっ)つ (やっつ)eight things
(ここの)つ (ここのつ)nine things
(じゅう) (とう)ten things
(いち)(にん) (ひとり)one person
()(にん) (ふたり)two people
(さん)(にん) (さんにん)three people
...
(じゅう)(にん) (じゅうにん)ten people
(いち)(さつ) (いっさつ)one book
()(さつ) (にさつ)two books
(さん)(さつ) (さんさつ)three books
...