Relative Clauses

Vocabulary

学生(がくせい)がく・せいstudent
勉強(べんきょう)べん・きょうstudy
昨日(きのう)きのうyesterday
()か・うu-verbto buy
(ほん)ほんbook
公園(こうえん)こう・えんpark
(はし)はし・るu-verbto run
(ひと)ひとperson
(だれ)だれwho
(つく)つく・るu-verbto make
料理(りょうり)りょう・りcooking, food

In Japanese, relative clauses (modifying a noun with a verb) are extremely simple. You just place the verb phrase directly before the noun. No words like “that” or “which” are needed.

Structure

[Verb Phrase] + [Noun]

Examples

Simple Modifier

学生(がくせい)
Student
勉強(べんきょう)する
To study
勉強(べんきょう)する学生(がくせい)
A student who studies

Complex Clause

昨日(きのう)()った
Bought yesterday
(ほん)
Book
昨日(きのう)()った(ほん)
The book I bought yesterday

More Examples

公園(こうえん)(はし)っている(ひと)(だれ)ですか?Who is the person running in the park?
(はは)(つく)った料理(りょうり)はおいしい。The food my mother made is delicious.
日本語(にほんご)(はな)友達(ともだち)がいる。I have a friend who speaks Japanese.

Breakdown: [公園(こうえん)(はし)っている] → (ひと)